Eco-Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Eco-Design - Essay Example emerging and competing in the global market, has put a severe strain on the available natural resources and the idea of creating a environment friendly product has been relegated to the background. The three basic issues that an eco-design addresses are (1) The new age customer is getting more information regarding the dangers of environment pollution. He is thus getting more informed regarding the choices he can make while selecting a product. Thus he is able to demand products that are safe and environment friendly which leads to a direct pressure on companies to come up with innovative and eco-friendly solutions to their products. (2) A government that is sensitive to the concerns of the environment shall bring out laws, stipulations and guidelines within which a product needs to function. Adherence to these guidelines necessitates manufacturers to refine and tune their product development strategies. Some of the notable international laws and regulations include the Hazardous Waste Act of Australia(1989) & the ‘Export and Import of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Recyclable Material(2005) of Canada .(Eco-Design: European State of the Art, 2007) (3) The industry in itself tries to own up to its responsibility and moral obligation of providing its customers with products that are clean and which are within the framework of being called ecologically sustainable (1) The process of developing eco-designs presents the design team and ultimately the manufacturer a host of opportunities to try out new variants of designs that serve to work out economically as well. (2) A rethink of the design aspect right from its inception stage may lead to an overall improvement in quality of the product. Apart from being in sync with the environment the overall efficiency of the product might increase leading to a win-win situation. The Eco-Design concept that has been formulated and developed by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) formulates a

G.C.S.E. English Coursework Macbeth Essay Example for Free

G.C.S.E. English Coursework Macbeth Essay Assignment title: (5) Fair is foul and foul is fair. Show how this image recurs and develops through the play. Throughout the tragedy, the theme entitled fair is foul and foul is fair, is key to the plays success and dramatisation, as it both recurs and develops as the play continues. The fore mentioned words are used by and against the key characters in the play, as Shakespeare uses his language to portray the theme and characters. The witches are key in performing the appearance versus reality theme. This major theme is first brought on in the first scene of the play, with the spooky, disturbing, oxymoronic verse culminating in Hover through the fog and filthy air, which explains Shakespeares intentions for the plot and deeper metaphors and echoes through to act five. The blatant opener is much like the oxymoron of I.3, lesser than Macbeth, and greater, which appears impossible, but sets the later scenes in which Banquo meets his end; because Banquo is lesser when he dies, but will be greater because of his fantastic devotion to good, and he shalt get kings, showing Shakespeares desire to impress James I, the possible seed of Banquo, in his theatre. It is clear that, by Hecats rhyming speech in III.5, strength of their illusion, that the fiends whole purpose and method is to deceive people like the literate Macbeth by situations appearing to mean certain things, but in reality meaning something totally different. This clever characteristic is also displayed by the apparitions: the third real or hallucinative metaphor, Be lion-mettled, tells Macbeth of the seemingly impossible move of Birnan Wood the high Dunsinane Hill that they speak of is the only way in which to kill Macbeth, and the English pick up the wood as a simple, proverbial but deadly i mportant battle tactic. The genius playwright shows subtly and brilliantly the innocent appearing child holding a tree, giving the rapt main character a clue to the ironic developments. The equivocal meanings along with the ever-present personification, Who chaves, who frets, would excite the audience and provide excellent entertainment. Also in the apparition scene, it seems that the masters are thought by Macbeth to tell him convivial news, but in fact they bring the disagreeable kind after the rhyming first head, beware Macduff! Dismiss me, enough., has deemed the tragic hero in this typically beautiful narrative, but what Macbeth does not know is that that what the bloody child said about his fate none of woman born shall harm Macbeth, which sends Shakespeare into his ride into the clouds incorporating the usual elaborate metaphors, a bond of fate, sleep in spite of thunder when the fantastical plot of Macduffs Caesarean section sees Macduff as the one with the powers, when he eventually kills the tot ally believing Macbeth. Shakespeare develops the character of Macbeth as a study of the supernatural when what seems like a worthless guess by three old hags, This supernatural soliciting, turns out, not only to be true, but doubtfully veracious in Macbeths mind from the very off, when even he does not know whether it is fair or foul, cannot be good, cannot be ill, in his oxymoronic evaluation of the words of the witches beforehand, creating dramatic Irony. Banquo is the contrast of this with his steadfast righteousness, to betrays in deepest consequence., but the evil predictions turn out to be true in Shakespeares idealistic plot, (to follow James Is views in his book, demonology) as the demons drive him to the highs of monarchy and all the way back down again. The soliloquies of Macbeth provide us with excellent insight into this well developed theme. He openly admits he himself is performing his own fair/foul deeds, Hes here in double trust, as what seems to be a feast for Kind Duncan, turns out to be his own murder as Macbeth describes the apocalyptic imagery, tears shall drown the wind, which he sees in the future, after his equivocal change from polysyllabic to monosyllabic words, Commends the ingredience, naked new-born babe, where Shakespeare cannot decide whether to be literally superb or to concentrate on his plot and echoes. This is developed again by the poet in the next act when it moves on from the simple, deceiving act of treachery, to disguise of evil, covering up true nature, Nature seems dead, where the malevolence is personified and Tarquins ravishing strides bury the seemingly irrepressible mother nature into the ground, as the audience are whiteness to the scene as a dilemma when Macbeth turns into the depraved, perfidious side of him. Macbeth is so rapt at the apparitions scene that he continues to use his poetic licence to great effect as, even when he is shocked, he continues to rearrange the two opposites while using alliteration to its fullest, blood-boltered Banquo. He continues in the exact same state of mind in the following pages, as Shakespeare develops Macbeth as an assertive, yet easily persuaded character, when the minor Lennox receives the same attention as the rest none The castle of Macduff I will surprise, as he ponders on how to kill the feared Macduff: Ironic because he hol ds the opinion that Macduff is foul, although he is fair and he believes the witches speak fairly, but their intentions are very foul. Much like in IV.1, Macbeth performs a soliloquy in his distressed state of mind while Seyton is present, in V.1. The theme is much more developed here where the philosophical Shakespeare tells his now entranced audience that Lifes but a walking shadow, displaying Macbeths depression, followed by his metaphorical, negative description, Struts and frets, of a thing that is thought of as virtuous by the majority of people. This comes after the so- called bad news of his wifes death, but he seems to think that a foul thing like that seems quite fair, She should have died hereafter, even though he appears as the other, sympathetic half of himself, find her disease, before again changing disposition, Would scour these English hence, where he self-centred like concentrates on his own, fragile destiny, as Shakespeare plays around and jumbles the character of Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is an excellent example of the fair/foul theme. She is a lady and is thought to be a kind, loving and lady-like, but her dramatic, alliterative entrance in I.5, And take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers, is the real Lady Macbeth, while the play write shows superbly how she is seeming to be fair in front of guests, Look to the lady, but in fact she is the real villain of the play, tormenting the audience and every-ones innocent ignorance of women. The theme is somewhat reversed towards the end of the script because Shakespeare with his depraved repetition, To bed, to bed, to bed has not made Lady Macbeth such an enemy to his enthralled audience, that they cant really feel sorry a little for her illness, This disease is beyond my practice, as she becomes more fair in the juggled end of the play. The wife of Macbeth also appears un-hurting, senseless and cruel, before we see the start of her more fair side in II.2, Had he not resembled I had donet, as the writer teases the audience with his confusing, twisting plot and monosyllabic dialogues. She repeats a more feeble side of herself in a more complex way as the play develops, dwell in doubtful joy, and she becomes a weaker character. Her contributions to the fair foul/foul theme change as she slowly becomes less of a villain, but her grip on her husband gets much weaker, Be innocent of the knowledge dearest chuck, as he becomes more of the evil one, whilst continuing to use oxymoronic personification, Light thickens, because before, he was looking to be just deception intended by the witches, In their newest gloss, where the lady attacks Macbeths masculinity, then you were a man, but in the second and third murders, a brave man being brought down by the witches. Lady Macbeth is also a great believer in the theme as a disguise for the couples actions, Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent undert, as the great, evil mind of the lady, developed very early on in the play, plots to kill the king. She and him both exhibit their earlier intentions after the murder, outrun the pauser reason, and What, in our house, when suitably the predictions by the witches to be literal and an excuse to gain power, but the bad acting would show off Shakespeares talent of producing dramatic irony, frustration and repetition to show women as being insignificant, O Banquo, Banquo! Our royal masters murdered, which he does throughout the play. In the murder of Duncan, Lady Macbeth has an important role, as her argumentative side is apparent. This is so because she is taking the predictions by the witches to be literal and an excuse to gain power, but the well educated Macbeth sees the foul deception by the witches, In their newest gloss, where the lady attacks Macbeths masculinity, then you were a man, but in the second and third murders the she has no involvement. He dismisses her with his over stunning oxymoron, restless ecstasy, and alliterative metaphors, lifes fitful fever, so Shakespeare can show off to James I. The hallucinations of particularly Macbeth display the appearance versus reality theme because the objects appear, but are not reality. The dagger, well portrayed by some productions as a shadow, is the first time that Macbeth begins to hallucinate. His rapt, overpowered state of mind is skilfully shown by Shakespeare to provide us with apocalyptic imagery personified, fatal vision, and the thought that a fal se creation could turn a seemingly fair fate into such a foul ending. When the blood and gore become a reality, the cry of women, Untimely ripped, and Macbeth meets his sword-shaped death, which he speaks of in that soliloquy, moves like a ghost, as personification and simile spell out the real fate. At the turning point of the play, III.4, it is questionable whether Macbeth is hallucinating or not. This is still a good example of the fair /foul theme because Banquos death was supposed to be a good thing for Macbeth, but it turned out to be bad, whether in the mind of Macbeth (maybe through the witches speculative powers) or as the genuine ghost that is scripted by Shakespeare, with some in-appropriate, pretty language. The ghost of Banquo represents the change of feelings, of and towards the Macbeth couple, because Macbeth is sent into an even more psychotic, but still repetitive rapture, It will have blood, they say; blood will have blood, while the innocent flower withers and dies and havoc and evil reign in his kingdom, turned wild in nature, but l ady Macbeth becomes seriously mentally ill. At the start of act five, it is lady Macbeths turn to be hallucinatory. In scene one of that act, she admits she is really the evil one, as she was the one who projected the idea of a wolf in sheeps clothing, although disguised by Macbeths polysyllabic personification, Be bright and jovial among your guests tonight, and she ends up as the wolf. Shakespeare attempts to redeem her and not leave her on such a sour note as Macbeth, but possessive, selfish, un-dignified metaphors, Hell is murky, All the perfumes of Arabia, only drive the indifferent, spoilt character more into the role as the villain, before Macbeth kills mercilessly. Dramatic Irony shows the theme superbly because the audience can know of the truth while the characters do not. We first see Macbeth as being fouler than we originally thought when he initially makes his metaphorical lies. The now persuaded and focused Macbeth uses Shakespeares dramatic irony as the audience are aware of his thoughts as he deceives the righteous Banquo, I think not of them, when he first shows the audience that he is a traitor, while the killed traitor was replaced by him. When the play has turned against Macbeth, so has the dramatic irony. We heard in V.4 that the prophecy of the witches has deceived Macbeth and the Bard so comically yet sincerely with his own metaphors shows Macbeth hearing the news, The wood began to move, where the tragic hero is told of a seemingly fair protection against death, turned foul against him into certain fate. The tone is not such a happy and pleased one in IV.3. We can imagine the audience distraught and upset when the unfortunate Macduff is first lied to by Ross, but then the news breaks. Shakespeare increases the tragedy by Ross equivocal words They were well at peace to increase the dramatic irony before he sickens the audience with his blunt upheaval of alliterative comparison, your wife and babes savagely slaughtered, drawing people away from the idea that death is rest, first touched upon by the mercurial Macbeth. The disturbed Shakespeare is very obsessed the death of young characters. The people visiting the play will be very distressed by the playwrights veracity to beguiled murderers as first a small boy is brutally hacked down by the assassins, He has killed me mother, (and even he can use metaphor, shag-haired villain) followed by a teenager losing his life in vain, Thou liest, abhorred tyrant!, as the bewitched main character goes on his last run. This shows dramatic irony because we already know that only one of women born shall harm Macbeth so Shakespeare shows off his literary skills as the characters in Macbeth show their true states of mind through their language. Virtually the whole play contains the fair/foul theme; from the very first scene, until the moment in which Macbeth dies. As his evil world disintegrates, Malcolm concludes saying that righteousness is returned and the end of Macbeth signals the absence appearance versus reality, That fled the snares of watchful tyranny, and that Scotland will continue under his reign and significantly, James Is. He believes that Macbeth was not the totally guilty one, Of this dead butcher and his fiend-like queen, but the dead Lady is. Shakespeare must end the play relevant especially to James I, as a happy ending because the king would not like to see his fears the witches win or his possible ancestors lose.

Social Support for Subjective well-being of Prisoners

Social Support for Subjective well-being of Prisoners THE DIFFERENT ROLES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR SUBJECTIVE WELL BEING PRISONERS MEN AND WOMEN IN THE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS CLAS II.A YOGYAKARTA Abstract In order to find a pattern form of guidance for prisoners, men and women, as mandated by Republic Act 1995, Article 14, paragraph 1 12 on the rights of prisoners, and also in accordance with the principles of the UN General Assembly Resolution 43/173 on dated December 9, 1988, for the protection of all persons, including those in the Correctional Institution, then the coaching program at the Correctional Institution in men and women inmates to be distinguished. It is important to know how much the role of social support on the level of Subjective Well Being (SWB) men and women inmates. Subjects of this study amounted to 93 inmates from the Correctional Institution Class II.A Yogyakarta, which consisted of 70 men and 23 women. Measuring tool used to uncover SWB, that uses Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) of Dieneret al. (1985), and Social Support Scale were aspects of it refers to the opinion of Safiro (2000). The method of data analysis, this research using t-test analysis techniq ues and product moment correlation. From the results of research can be concluded that: (1) the role of social support on SWB level of 8.82% to the overall male and female subjects, 12.96% in male subjects, and by 2.1% in female subjects; (2) On the whole subject of men and women, there are three factors that affect the level of social support SWB significantly, ie emotional support, Informational Support and Support Social Network; (3) There is no difference in the level of social support and SWB in male and female subjects. Keywords: Subjective Well Being (SWB), Social Support, Men and Women Inmates Introduction The law No. 12 1995 Article 1, paragraph 2, about the rights of prisoners, and the principles of the UN General Assembly Resolution 43/173 on December 9, 1988, mandated to protect all people, including those in Correctional Institution, and required their efforts to improve the quality of life of the inmates in the correctional system, so that when they are back to mingle with the public, they will be able to show the characteristics of individuals who have high quality of life. According to Cummings (1997), individuals who have a high quality of life will feel their subjective well- being (Subjective Well-being is abbreviated as SWB). SWB is ones judgment about his life, that he is more satisfied and happier, although he still has a bit of unhappiness, so that this condition is indicated by higher feeling of happiness compared to the feeling of unhappiness, and expressed by the satisfaction of his life (Diener in Philips, 2008). As an effort to achieve criminal implementation that i s effective and efficient so the inmates can have high quality of life, The Penitentiary can divide its development by category, based on age or sex (Harsono 1995). It is also in accordance with the set in Constitution no12 in 1995 about Correctional article(12) paragraph (1), that in order to provide guidance to inmates in prisons, classification is conducted based on age, sex, length of punishment, type of crime, and another criteria which suits the needs and development. Although women is realized to have psychological needs which are different than men, prisons class IIA in Yogyakarta do not specialize them as prisons for certain sex, so men and women are all in the prison environment, although they are put in a separate place. Because of the special needs of women and men are different, it is necessary to know whether there are SWB differences between the two sexes, as the basis for the design of male and female inmates development program. From research of Sahrah et al., (2011, 2013) to the inmates in prisons of class IIA Yogyakarta, stated that the factors of religiosity, self-confidence, the meaningfulness of life, emotional maturity, social support, perception of the physical condition of the environment, and the coping strategies are the factors that affect SWB inmates. It is also concluded that among the seven factors, meaningfulness of life, self-esteem, and social support are the factors that are very significant to inmatesSWB. Factors of meaningfulness of life and self-confidence are individual factors, while social support factors are contextual factors that mostly can be manipulated structurally by the prisons as the institution responsible for training during the serving time. Hence, it is needed to know how big the role of social support on the level of subjective well-being of the men and women prisoners. Subjective Well Being Men and Women Prisoners Inmates are convicts serving the criminal who lost independence in Prisons (Law No: 12 Th. 1995 ps.1 paragraph 7). Convicted person is a person convicted by a court decision that has permanent legal power (Indonesian Lawyear. 1995 Ps 1, paragraph 6). According to Rahardjo (1996) to treat inmates, necessary foundation of the correctional system that guarantees the rights of prisoners is certainly needed. To view the success or failure of the development patterns conducted by the officers (walinapi) to inmates, it can be seen whether the officers actually pay attention to the rights of prisoners or not, though, in this case prisoners should also be aware of the obligations that must be fulfilled. Associated with SWB, various studies that have been done by UMBY (University of MercuBuana Yogyakarta) show that there are problems related to subjective well-being of prisoners. This is reinforced by the results of research Indiyah (2001) that there are seven unfulfilled needs in inmates, they are, the need to get a sense of security, the need of conform, the need to deepen the religion, the need to make life more meaningful, needs to boost confidence, the need to obtain additional knowledge, and need to be received by the community and the family after the completion of the criminal. Research conducted by Iswandari and Indiyah (2007) showed that inmates have problems with social adjustment. Further research and Lailatushifah Lestari (2008) also found that inmates susceptible to depression. From the research findings, it shows an indication towards a low Subjective Welfare on inmates. Subjective well-being is an individual evaluation of a situation or a longer period of his life, including his past. The evaluation covers the emotional reaction to a situation, mood and assessment of the inmates life, fulfillment, and satisfaction with marriage and work (Diener, et al., 2003). Moreover, Philips (2008) states that SWB is more complex than just happiness. Factors that influence SWB are the factor of religiosity, confidence, emotional maturity, the meaningfulness of life, social support, physical environment (Kin Nesselroade, 2003), coping strategies (Philips 2008), destination image (Sahrah, 2014b), the strategy of collaborative conflict resolution (Sahrah, 2014a). The social support factor is a factor that is proven to be directly related and positively related and significantly associated with SWB in addition to the meaningfulness of life (Sahrah, et al., 2011, 2013). In this study, it is realized that there are possible differences of the inmate needs of men and women, therefore, this study is focused on the SWB of the inmates in terms of gender and their perceptions of social support given by the walinapi as prisons officer who is responsible to provide guidance to inmates. Social Support of theWalinapi Johnson Johnson (2000) suggest that social support is the exchange of resources with a view to improve the welfare and exisence of others who can be asked for help, encouragement, acceptance, and attention, and when experiencing difficulties. Social support can be defined as a sense of acceptance, care, appreciation or assistance received by a person from another person or group (Sarafino, 2004). Cohen and Mc Kay; Wills (1984) distinguishes five types of social support, namely: (1) Emotional Support. In this aspect, it includes the expression of empathy, concern, and attention to the person concerned. This support requires the provision of a sense of comfort, peace of heart, and feeling loved for someone who has it. (2) Support of award. This aspect is going through a positive appreciation for the individuals concerned, encouragement or approval with ideas or feelings of the individual and the individual positive comparison with others. (3) Instrumentalsupport. These aspects include direct assistance to the form of services, time, and money. (4) Support for information. This aspect includes giving advice, instructions, advice, information, and feedback. (5) Support for social networks. These aspects include the feeling of membership in a group. Social networking support is a sense of membership in a group, sharing the fun and social activities. Research Methods The independent variables are the Social Support and sex while the dependent variable is Subjective Well Being (SWB). The subjects of this study are 93 prisoners, consisting of 70 men and 23 women. The Selection of the research subject is done by using purposive random sampling method. The characteristics of the study subjects are: (1) Convict Prison Class IIA Yogyakarta; (2) Minimum term punishment of three years; (3) Minimum education of elementary school, and can read and write well. The methods of data collection is using a scale, which includes the Scale to reveal SWB Prisoners and Social Support Scale. The scale to reveal SWB of the inmates using SWLS scale of life satisfaction from Diener et al. (1985), based on the scale of the life satisfaction measured by the cognitive component of life satisfaction, and the scale is expected to produce a statement that is integrated on how a persons life runs. The rials can shows that the validity of the total valid item (with a range between a coefficient of 0494-0688) is reliable (coefficient Alpha Conbrach of 0819). The Social Support Scale consists of 50 items. After the trial, it shows that the total item os the coefficient which is corrected is ranged between 0.275 to 0.713 and Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of 0,959. The method of data analysis used in this research is the analysis of independent samples t-test, and the product moment correlation. Table : Model Summary Mode l R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 ,340a ,116 ,096 5,75628 a. Predictors: (Constant), SS_TOT, SEX Results and Conclusions The study subjects was as many as 93 people consisting of 70 people (75.3%) males and 23 (24.7%) were females when viewed from the education level owned by inmates, the majority of inmates have a junior high school education (29%) and high school (45.2%), other elementary educational level, Diplomas, undergraduate and master degree. Each education level is still no more than 10%. Table 1: Coefficienta Subject N Coeff Coeff Square Sig. Male 70 .360 .1296 .001 Female 23 .145 .0210 .254 MaleFem ale 93 .297 .0882 .002 a. Dependent Variable: SWB b. Predictors: (Constant), Social Support (SS_TOT) From Table 1, it can be concluded that the role of the Social Support SWB level of 8.82% to the overall male and female subjects, whereas in male subjects alone amounted to 12.96%, and the female subjects only by 2.1%. However, the percentage difference in the role of social support to SWB in men and women when they are examined again can not be proven significantly. This can be seen by the gender variable in predicting SWB social support, as shown in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4. In the third table, it can be seen that the role of gender and Social Support together in predicting SWB amounted to 11.6% (on a regression coefficient of .340, p 0.05) in predicting SWB. Table 3: ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares dfMean Square F Sig. Regression 389,489 2 194,745 5,877 ,004b 1 Residual 2982,124 90 33,135 Total 3371,613 92 Dependent Variable: SWB Predictors: (Constant), SS_TOT, SEX The insignificant sexedifference in predicting SWB, is also the evidence from calculations using independent sample t-test, that there is no difference in men and women in terms of their perceptions of social acceptance of support from the walinapi, and no difference of SWB in male and female subjects ( see table 5). Table 4: Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta (Constant) 6,806 4,083 1,667 ,099 1 SEX 2,300 1,383 -,165 1,663 ,100 SS_TOT ,050 ,017 ,298 3,005 ,003 a. Dependent Variable: SWB Table 5 : Social support difference SWBbased on SEX SEX N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean t-test p SS_TOT 1,00 70 220,2143 34,91932 4,17366 -,040 . ,968 2,00 23 220,5652 40,41582 8,42728 SWB 1,00 70 15,5000 6,03552 ,72138 1,582 .117 2,00 23 13,2174 5,90806 1,23192 If the views of the role of each factor of the social support component of the SWB on the entire male and female subjects, it can be concluded that there are three factors that affect the level of social support SWB significantly (p CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion From the results of research, it can be concluded that: (1) the role of social support on SWB level of 8.82% to the overall male and female subjects, 12.96% in male subjects, and by 2.1% in female subjects; (2) On the whole Table 6: The correlation of social support components withSWB SS S_Emo S_Exp S_Info S_Inst S_Net SWLS Pearson Correlation ,297** ,267** ,173 ,193 ,321** ,346** Sig. (2-tailed) ,004 ,010 ,097 ,064 ,002 ,001 N 93 93 93 93 93 93 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). SS: Social Support; S_Emo: Emotional Support; S_Exp: Expectation Support; S_Info: Information Support; S_Inst: Instrumental Support; S_Net: SocialNetwork Support. subject of men and women, there are three factors that affect the level of social support SWB significantly, ie emotional support, Informational Support and Support Social Network; (3) There is no difference in the level of social support and SWB in male and female subjects. Suggestion Although this study can not prove the existence of differences in social support and SWB by sex inmates, the Correctional Institution Class II A Wirogunan is expected to keep increasing the levels of walinapis ability to perform basic social support for prisoners, because it proves that the provision of social support can improve SWB of the inmates. In this case the expected social support of the inmates is the kind of emotional support, information support and social networking support.   REFERENCES Cohen. S. Mc Kay. 1984. Social support, stress, and the buffering hypothesis: an empirical review in a Baum. JE Singer, se Taylor (Eds). Handbook of Psychology and Health (Vol 4, pp 253-267) Hillsdale. NJ Erlbaum. Cummings. R.A. 1997. Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale-Adult (Manual). Fift Ed. Published by The School of Psychology Deakin University. Diener. E. Emmons. R. A. Larsen. R. J. Griffin. S. 1985. The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment. 49. 71-75. Diener. E. Oishi. S. Lucas. R. E. 2003. Personality, culture, and subjective well-being. Annual Review of Psycholgy. 54. 403-425. Harsono. H.S.CI. 1995. Sistem Baru Pembinaan Narapidana. Jakarta :Jembatan. Indiyah. 2001. Kebutuhan-kebutuhan Psikologis Narapidana. Psikonomi, 3 (1), 1-23. Iswandari. T Indiyah. 2007. Perbedaan Penyesuaian Sosial pada Narapidana yang Tinggal di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Terbuka dan Tertutup. Skripsi. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Wangsa Manggala. Johnson. D.W. Johnson. F. P. 2000. Joining Together: Group Theory Group Skill. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Kin. J.E. Nesselroade. J. R. 2003. Relationships Among Social Support, Self- Concept Well Being of Older Results: A Study of Process Using Dynamic Factor Models. International Journal of Behavior Development. Jan. 1. 27(1): 49-65. Lestari. L.P. Lailatushifah. S.N.F. 2008. Hubungan antara Berpikir Positif dengan Depresi pada Narapidana di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas II A Yogyakarta. Skripsi. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Mercu Buana. Phillips. D. 2008. Quality of Life: Concepts, Policy Practice. London New. PP No 28 Tahun 2006. Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 32 Tahun 1999 Tentang Syarat dan Tata Cara Pelaksanaan Hak Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan. Rahardjo. Satjipto. 1996. Ilmu Hukum. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti. Sahrah. A. 2014. Colaborative conflict resolution stategy, emotional maturity and subjective well-being of the nurse. Proceeding of Asean Conference Psychology and Behavior Science, 27-30 Maret 2014. Jepang: IAFOR (The International Academic Forum). Sahrah. A. 2014. Destination Image and Subjective Well-Being of Students from outside Yogyakarta. Seminar Proceeding: International Seminar on Tourism. 25-26 Februari 2014. Yogyakarta: STIPRAM. Sahrah. A.; Lailatushifah. S.N.F.; Indiyah; Susilaningsih. KT.; Astuti. TA. 2011. Faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi Kesejahteraan Subjektif (Subjective Well-Being) narapidana Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas IIA Yogyakarta. Laporan Penelitian Lembaga Pemasyarakatan-Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta. Sahrah. A.; Lailatushifah. S.N.F.; Indiyah; Susilaningsih. KT.; Astuti. TA. 2013. Structural model of the influencing factors of the subjective well-being of the prisoners. Prosiding of 5th international conference national workshop improving employee relations for a better organizational climate. 4 5 October 2013. Jakarta: Universitas Mercu Buana. Sarafino. E. P. 2004. Health Psychology Biopsychology Interaction. Third Edition. New York: John Willey and Sans. Sarafino.E.P. 2000. Health Psychology. New York; John Willey and Sans. Undang-UndangRINo.12tahun1995tentangLembaga Pemasyarakatan.

Shakespeare’s Richard II Essay: Search for Identity in Richard II

Search for Identity in Richard II Â   Shakespeare's Richard II tells the story of Richard's fall from power. Being dethroned by Bolingbroke forces Richard to confront the limitations and nature of his power as king. As audience members, we follow Richard on his journey of self-discovery, which enlightens him even as his life is shattered by Bolingbroke's revolt. Paradoxically, it is in utter defeat that Richard comes closest to understanding what it is to be human. Unfortunately he is unable to accept life as an ordinary subject after having tasted what it means to rule. For God's sake, let us sit upon the ground, And tell sad stories of the death of kings- How some have been deposed, some slain in war, Some haunted by the ghosts they have deposed, Some poisoned by their wives, some sleeping killed, All murdered. For within the hollow crown That rounds the mortal temples of a king Keeps Death his court; and there the antic sits, Scoffing his state and grinning at his pomp, Allowing him a little breath, a little scene, To monarchize, be feared, and kill with looks, Infusing him with self and vain conceit, As if this flesh which walls about our life Were brass impregnable; and humored thus, Comes at the last, and with a little pin Bores through his castle wall; and farewell, king. Cover your heads, and mock not flesh and blood With solemn reverence. Through away respect, Tradition, form, and ceremonious duty, For you have but mistook me all this while. I live with bread, like you; feel want, Taste grief, need friends. Subjected thus, How can you say to me I am a king? (III.ii. 151-1173) Â   The above speech expresses nicely Rich... ...n is, With nothing shall be pleased till he be eased With being nothing. (V.v.38-41) Richard can never bring himself to be "eased" with being ordinary, with being what he sees as "nothing" and so he can never live as a subject instead of a ruler. It is perhaps significant that when he dies he seeks to return to the only identity he really knew, that of a ruler, and warns that "Exeter, thy fierce hand / Hath with the King's blood stained the King's own land" (V.v. 109-10). He has accepted intellectually the transient nature of kings' power and understands he can no longer possess even that, yet in death he reaches for the only identity he ever really held, that of absolute monarch. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of King Richard The Second. William Shakespeare: The Complete Works. Ed. Alfred Harbage. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1969.

The Strengths and Weakness of the Airborne Express

In a highly competitive industry the structure of a firm is very important to its success. Today firms are moving away from the centralized structure of the past, and adopting a more decentralized structure (Management Challenges in the 21st Century p 315). The air express industry is no exception. FedEx, the leader in the air express industry since the late eighties, is also leading U.P.S. in the race to become decentralized. Airborne Express is not even in the race. In order to compete in today†s changing environment, Airborne Express needs to move away from its old fashioned centralized structure and form a more decentralized structure. The old fashioned structure is not the only variable that makes Airborne the follower in the air express industry. The Internet and information systems are transforming the air express market into an electronic commerce market, and Airborne needs to transform it†s operations to meet this growing market. This report describes the strengths and weakness of the organizational structure of Airborne Express. Furthermore, it also gives recommendations for future changes in Airborne Express. The first section of this report addresses how the organization of the firm evolved, and what changes are taking place structurally in its industry. The second section discusses labor issues in the air express industry and how they affect Airborne Express. The third section addresses the growing electronic commerce market and how it†s affecting the industry and Airborne Express. During the eighties many air express companies were formed and many were destroyed. However, three companies came out of this highly competitive period on top. They were FedEx, U.P.S. and Airborne Express. Airborne survived this highly competitive period by adapting to the external forces affecting the industry. One of the external forces affecting Airborne was the size of the competition. U.P.S. and FedEx were just swallowing up competitors. So Airborne decided the best way to compete was to be the low-cost provider of air express service. Robert Cline, CEO of Airborne explains their strategy â€Å"When you are up against UPS and Federal Express, those guys are so big and so well capitalized that you have to have a tool to fight with them. It wasn†t going to be size; it wasn†t going to be how well-known we were. So, we decided to be the low-cost operator.†(Washington CEO P 33). However, to become the low cost operator Airborne had to make many structural changes. One of those structural changes was that Airborne centralized its organization as much as possible. After all, why pay middle management high salaries when upper management can make all the decisions. Furthermore, what CEO would trust middle management to make decisions during the unstable period of the company†s history? Another major change Airborne underwent in the eighties, was to differentiate its service. Unlike its two major competitors, FedEx and UPS, Airborne changed its strategy to concentrate on providing services for large corporations (Airborne Express†s 10-K form p5). This strategic change not only gave Airborne product differentiation and market specialization, but also benefited by taking away the need for advertising. Therefore, it could save the $35 to $40 million it was spending a year on advertising, and use it to help become the low-cost operator (Washington CEO p 36). Airborne made important structural and strategic changes in the eighties, which contributed to its success. However, in the nineties, Airborne is reluctant to change with the environment. As mentioned earlier, many firms are moving towards a more decentralized structure. Airborne seems to be using the same structure that got it through the eighties. Consequently, its decision making is still coming from top management, and no responsibility is being delegated to lower management. FedEx however, has experienced growing success by using a decentralized structure. â€Å"Delegation, as demonstrated by FedEx, can lead to a more empowered work force and resulting heightened productivity and quality, reduced costs, more innovation, improved customer service, and greater commitment from employees† (Management Challenges in the 21st Century p 285). Airborne†s centralized structure is also one the reasons its been experiencing labor problems. The last few years have plagued the air express industry with labor problems that have kept CEO†s of major companies like UPS, FedEx, and Airborne Express on their toes (The New York Times Nov 1998). Since the UPS strike of 1997, air express companies are fighting to keep good relations with their workers. The Teamsters† strike with UPS over part-time and full-time help taught small business not to rely on one express company. UPS is not the only company having labor problems. With the use of lengthy negotiations and hefty salary promises FedEx has settled a labor dispute with its pilots, and are entering the year 2000 without labor problems (Institute for Technology and Enterprise P 12). Airborne Express, however, is experiencing major labor disputes with its pilots. Although under contract, Airborne pilots are not happy with management. A representative for Airborne claims â€Å"Airborne management has failed to implement key provisions in the contract†. This failure plus the firing of an Airborne pilot has the pilots angry (Traffic World P 1). Since the pilots are under contract, they can not strike, but they can stop flying volunteer overtime, which makes up 15 percent of Airborne†s flights. In November of 1998 the pilots voted to stop flying overtime (Traffic World P 3). Airborne needs to smooth over relations with its pilots soon, because the contract expires May of 2001. Therefore, unless Airborne settles this dispute, it will be facing an imminent strike. Another labor issue affecting Airborne is the Teamsters Union. Airborne signed a five-year contract with the Teamsters Union in 1998. There are three major provisions in this contract (Associated Press online p 2). 1. Provides improved working conditions for Airborne employees. 2. A Bonus for employees the first year, followed by a yearly wage increase for the last four years of the contract. 3. At least 50 percent of the current part-time work force will be changed to full-time by 1999, with the remaining 50 percent offered full-time positions by 2000. The last provision is could have consequences for Airborne Express. Using part-time help is a way for express companies to cut expenses by not having to pay full-time benefits. How will Airborne be able to keep up its strategy of being the low-cost operator if they lose the efficiency of a part-time workforce? Airborne Express needs to operate as efficiently as possible if they want to have the capital to compete in the growing electronic commerce market. Today the air express industry is faced with a technology that will force express companies to change organizational structure and basic operations. This technology is electronic commerce, or better known as the Internet. Presently, Internet sales make up 15 percent of the retail market, and are expected to make up 55 percent of the market by 2005 (Institute for Technology and Enterprise p 1). In order to compete in this growing market, many retail companies are changing their operations and selling products over the Internet. Because of this, there is a need for air express companies that can cater to the needs of online retailers. Express companies need to supply services such as just-in-time inventory or virtual inventory. In order to best describe the importance of this new market to Airborne Express†s future, I†m going to address the way FedEx is changing their structure to compete in this new market. One way FedEx is dealing with this new market is by providing just-in-time inventory services for companies. FedEx provides this service by connecting to an online retailer†s web site, and when a sale is achieved over the Internet, the order is placed directly with FedEx. Once FedEx receives the order, it picks up the product from the supplier and delivers it to the customer. This all takes place without the online retailer touching the product (Institute for Technology and Enterprise p 4). FedEx supplies this service for a percentage of the online retailer†s sales. There are three air express companies competing for control of this electronic market and Airborne is not one of them. The three companies are FedEx, UPS, and DHL. If the express industry is affected as much as predicted, Airborne could lose its ranking as third in the express industry to DHL. Airborne Express might be gambling on the hope that there will be companies who will fight this move to electronic commerce, and will give Airborne enough old fashioned express business for them to succeed. This is a major gamble. â€Å"Concepts like just-in-time manufacturing and mass customization were no longer just theory; a number of firms had carved out distinct niches in the market place by focusing on developing these capabilities in manufacturing and production. Tight supply chain integration was no longer perceived as a competitive advantage. It was being seen as a competitive imperative† (The Economic Benefits of Air Transport, 1997 p 23). Airborne needs to connect to the electronic commerce market before it loses the opportunity. In conclusion, Airborne made some wise changes to its structure in the eighties. These changes differentiated Airborne from its competitors, and allowed it to be the low-cost operator. However, in the last few years with Airborne†s failure to change with the environment and with labor disputes in its near future, the future for Airborne Express looks bleak. Unless Airborne wants to go back to transporting flowers it needs to rethink its strategy.

Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 Essay Example

Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924 Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 Essay Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 Essay In answering this question I propose to examine the key areas of leadership, the economy, then see how this affected politics and follow this up by looking at foreign relations. 1924 saw the emergence of two figures in key posts that were to contribute to Weimar stability between these years: Stresemann and Hindenburg. Both had militarist and nationalist backgrounds but similarly both were intelligent enough to realise that co-operation and discourse were preferable to civil war and economic suffering. Stresemann masterminded Germanys period of diplomatic tension and isolation whilst Hindenburg offered a presidency that was balanced and tactfully administered. Both men were acceptable as leaders to the majority of German people for the time being. These men seemed acceptable to the allies whose goodwill was of paramount importance for German to recover between 24-29. Economically, the country re-gained some stability immediately when H. Luther changed the Mark over to the Rentenmark in 24. This was achieved without gold reserves but industry and agriculture offered some security and this was accepted as international currency. Unemployment began to subside and industrial output returned to levels not seen since 1913. Trading agreements (such as the Rappallo with the USSR) offered further investment opportunities abroad. A full return to the gold standard was enabled by the Dawes Plan (loans were also provided) and it also gave the economy breathing space as reparations were scaled down to fit in with economic output. Politically, this was a quieter time for the Weimar. Why? Simply because the republic seemed to be gaining success. Middle ground parties dominated the Reichstag and the three main nationalist parties (DNVP, NSDAP and KPD) only received 30% of votes cast in the 1927? election. The D. N. V. P was traditionally supported by industrialists, but given the economic upturn most were quite happy to allow the republic run freely. A referendum called for by the NSDAP and others to pillory the government for treason only received 14% of votes cast in favour. 1924 also saw Germany move away from the policy of obstruction and non-co-operation that had dogged the republics early years. Beginning with J. Wirth, a co-operative policy of fulfilment or Erfsfullpolitick was pursued. Stresemann continued this policy with three aims in mind: to modify Versailles; to end German diplomatic isolation and finally to restore sovereignty. By 1931, all three had been more or less achieved. The expressions of the Erfsfullpolitick were a series of pacts and treaties that bore foreign success. As mentioned above, the Rappallo Pact gave the economy a nudge but may also have nudged the allies into a desire to involve Germany more in world affairs in preference to Soviet dominance. The Dawes plan was the first expression and the Young Plan further supported this in 29 (both scaled down reparations). The Locarno Pact ratified Germanys western borders whilst still allowing her to pursue claims in the east. A return to League of Nations membership in 26? Saw the French foreign minister Briand, welcome Stresemann as an equal. The reparations were legally curtailed in 31 after Brunigs application for a Moratorium to the U. S. In conclusion, Weimar political stability between 24-29 can be explained by a combination of inspired leadership, supported by foreign goodwill and input which in turn promoted economic buoyancy which led to political calm.