Business Ethics And Social Responsibility Commerce Essay

Business Ethics And Social Responsibility Commerce Essay Generation of maximum returns for its stakeholders is the ultimate purpose of any business establishment but over the last decade, there has been an ongoing dialogue about the role of business as responsible stewards. Though profit motive for any organization is well understood and accepted, people do not accept it as an excuse for ignoring the basic norms, values, and standards of being a good and responsible citizen. Standards, Norms Procedures and expectations to define values of responsible business conduct are emerging worldwide. In the past few years, ethical problems in business have been reported several times by leading newspaper and magazines. The term ‘ethics’ is mainly used to refer to the rules or principles that define the right and wrong conduct. According to Clarence D. Walton and La Rue Tone Hosmer, â€Å"business ethics is concerned with truth and justice and has a variety of aspects such as the expectations of society, fair competition, advertising, public relations, social responsibilities, consumer autonomy, and corporate behavior in the home country as well as abroad.† Practically speaking it can also be considered to be a value system which is â€Å"concerned primarily with the relationship of business goals & techniques to specifically human ends†, It also means viewing the needs & aspirations of individuals as a part of society. In the present day scenario it is one of the major task for the management to inculcate values & impart a sense of business ethics to the employees and organization, Managers, especially top-level managers, are responsible for creating an environment that fosters ethical decision-making in organization. Theodore Purcell and James Weber suggested three ways for applying and integrating ethical concepts: 1. Establishing of a policy regarding ethical behavior or developing a code of ethics in organization 2. An ethics committee in organization to resolve ethical issues 3. Teaching busine ss ethics and values in management development programs. These concepts should be applied taking into consideration the Social, Cultural, Political and Economic factors that affects the state of personal value and business ethic within different industries. Types of Managerial Ethics Archie B. Carroll, an eminent researcher, identified three types of management ethics, depending on the extent to which the decisions were ethical or moral: moral management amoral management immoral management Types of Managerial Ethics 1) Moral management Moral management strives to follow ethical principles and doctrines. Moral managers work to succeed without violating any ethical standards. They seek to succeed remaining within the bounds of laws. Such managers undertake such activities which ensure that though they may engage in legal and ethical behavior, they also continue to make a profit. The law should be followed not only in letter but also in spirit. Moral managers always seek to determine whether their actions, behavior or decisions are fair to themselves as well as to all other stakeholders involved. In the long run, this approach is likely to be in the best interests of the organizations. 2) Amoral management This approach is neither immoral nor moral. Amoral management simply ignores ethical considerations. It is broadly categorized into two types – intentional and unintentional. Intentional amoral managers do not take ethical issues into consideration while making decisions or while taking any action, because in their perception, general ethical standards should only be applicable to the non-business areas of life. Unintentional amoral managers, however, do not even consider the moral implications of their decisions or actions. Amoral managers pursue profitability as the only goal and pay very little attention to the impact on any of their social stakeholders. They do not like to interfere in their employees’ activities, unless their behavior can le ad to government interference. The guiding principle of amoral management is – â€Å"Within the law of the land, will this action, decision, or behavior help us make money?†

History and the Current Debate on Fox Hunting Literature review

History and the Current Debate on Fox Hunting - Literature review Example The view that man is superior to animal was also pointed out by Aristotle who thought that only humans were â€Å"capable of rational deliberation† (Trevelyan 1922). Hunting is one of the characteristics that mankind holds ever since its existence. It can be traced back to the days of the nomads whose only means of survival was through hunting. But with time, the verb has gone through a drastic change from a means of survival to a sport and thus a necessity has been replaced by entertainment. The Homo erectus hunted for living whereas the man of today hunts because hunting is a hobby and a means of amusement. It is an out-door sport with the intention to exhibit one’s skills or a perfect answer to one’s boredom. But for Paget, hunting is not a sport played at leisure but a dangerous pursuit of an animal in the places where they actually exist freely and reproduce. He says that a shot is solely registered for a hunt and if a man actually deviates from this reason, he is not a hunter and not a part of the sport of hunting (Paget 1900). Hunting is divided into various groups and fox hunting has been placed above all the other forms and has been marked to be the best sports by a group of people. It was and still continues to be the favourite sport of the Britons. Fox hunting is a blood sport as the animal world calls it and is a subject of much controversy as it is the shooting of animals for the purpose of enjoyment (Gast 2006). In Britain, the history of fox hunting holds a large volume and can be traced back to the 17th century when it was at its highest peak. It was the greatest sport until 1914 which was the year when the World War One started and it marked the end of the golden age. It was now surrounded by controversies and a full fledge debate up rooted between the masses whether it should be made legal or not and thus it was a turning point in the history of Britain (Wallen 2006). The history of Fox hunting can be traced back to 1534, when farmers in Norfolk, England started hunting down foxes with the assistance of their hounds. They were trained to follow the fox’s scent and only a hound could kill it while the hunter watched because its meat was not considered edible. The fox hunters were not much attracted to the idea of killing the fox with their own hands. They rather watched the hound do the honors while they sat on their horses and enjoyed the view. The fox was not meant for eating but was a pest that threatened farmers’ livestock and crops (Gradiner 2006). Thomas Fownes was the first man with a pack specifically for fox hunting. He sold it to a breeder in Yorkshire who further spread the transaction and by the middle of the century, several packs were seen that were exclusively kept for chasing down the foxes (Paget 1900). During the eighteenth century, fox hunting had replaced stag hunting and had spread out till Pytchley under the Lordship of Althrop (Trevelyan 1922). It had become the fa vourite sport of the riches who took it as a means of showing their wealth and valour. It was the sport of the higher class that existed in the society. There was a gradual division of class and culture and the upper class now aimed to live a much lavish life. They now, owned colossal estates and houses and enjoyed hunting because they were rich enough to buy and maintain horses and hounds (Gast 2006). The year 1753, is considered to be mark as an important era of fox

Technology and Patient Confidentiality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Technology and Patient Confidentiality - Essay Example Nurses have moral and official responsibilities to uphold the discretion and privacy of customer wellbeing information obtained while giving nursing and health care. One of the methods that nurses use to sustain limits and put up nurse-client relations based on confidence and discretion is by respecting clients’ privileges around discretion and privacy. Canadian Nurses Association’s privacy legislation gives support and impacts the values to the nurses’ in relation to clients’ private health data and information. The legislation entails a summary of Canadian nursing principles in relation to discretion and privacy of individual health data and information. Individual health data and information is any information regarding clients that is spoken, recorded on paper or electronic form. This contains information gathered by nurses throughout the course of beneficial nurse-client relations. This type of information relates to the following: Physical and mental health, including family health account. Health care previously accorded to the patient. A strategy for service. Expenses or capability for health care. Contribution of body parts or information obtained from examining these body parts. An individual’s health number or the names of the client’s alternate decision-maker. Clients do not have to give their names for information to be categorized as private health information. Health care information is â€Å"discovering† if an individual can be acknowledged, or if it can be pooled with added data to recognize an individual. A staff record consisting of a note from a medical doctor acknowledging a nonappearance from their job is not recognized as private health information. On the other hand, a depiction of the employee’s symptoms and management that might be catered for by an occupational health nurse when giving health care is acknowledged as private health information. Client confidentiality in nursing. I believe that patient confidentiality is very important and for a long time I have always believed that each and every patient should have their own confidential information remaining confidential. This however becomes a very tough decision to make when the patient’s health is in danger and the confidential information is needed to ensure that they are safe. In this case however, it becomes very hard for the nurse to decide on the right action to take. In any case, the nurse should avoid making promises surrounding confidentiality at all costs. To win and sustain the client’s trust, the nurse ought to explain to him/her that such information as suicide plans cannot be kept secret because it poses threat to the client’s safety. (Guido 2013). The health sector is heading towards an incorporated, two-way approach to the provision of health care services. The field of nursing has sturdily advocated for such an approach. On the other hand, greater assimilation and co operation may be needed to improve distribution of health care information if the different members of the health care team are to tread in safely and successfully. Confidentiality in health care details has the likelihood to slow down information distribution. Nurses are advised to notify the people in their concern that their health details will be shared with the health care panel for the reason of giving care successfully. This opinion appears to be hinged on the supposition that approval is not necessary for distributing information among members of the he